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A wideband vibration energy harvester with multiple nonlinear forces isinvestigated. The nonlinearities are due to repulsive magnets and hardeningsprings, which gives rise to multistabilities between a number of energybranches. Not all branches are accessible by a simple up or down sweep of thedriving frequency and in particular the highest energy branch is often hidden,requiring a suitable frequency schedule to be accessed. Detailed theoreticalunderstanding of the energy branch structure along with robust experimentalmethods are essential for characterizing each of the energy branches to enhancethe energy output from such vibration energy harvesting system. We introduce agraphical representation in the form of eye diagrams based on time-resolvedmeasurements of acceleration and output voltage to study the dynamical featuresof the different branches. This generic approach allows us to optimize thedesign, which results in 1.3mW of power generated at 1g over 44Hz frequencybandwidth while maintaining a small footprint of $1.23 cm^3$. The energyconversion ratio of the energy harvester at 120Hz drive frequency is 0.52 forthe high energy branch.

Time resolved eye diagrams to exploit hidden high energy branches in a nonlinear wideband vibration energy harvester