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Shape-morphing structures possess the ability to change their shapes from onestate to another, and therefore, offer great potential for a broad range ofapplications. A typical paradigm of morphing is transforming from an initialtwo-dimensional (2D) flat configuration into a three-dimensional (3D) targetstructure. One popular fabrication method for these structures involvesprogramming cuts in specific locations of a thin sheet material(i.e.~kirigami), forming a desired 3D shape upon application of externalmechanical load. In this paper, a novel inverse design strategy is proposed bymodifying the bending stiffness via introducing distributed modulus infunctionally graded composites (FGCs). The longitudinal modulus of eachcross-sectional slice can be controlled through the rule of mixtures, hencematching the required modulus distribution along the elastic strip. Followingthe proposed framework, a diverse range of structures is obtained withdifferent Gaussian curvatures in both numerical simulations and experiments. Avery good agreement is achieved between the measured shapes of morphedstructures and the targets. In addition, the compressive rigidity and specificenergy absorption during compression of FGC-based hemi-ellipsoidal morphingstructures with various aspect ratios were also examined numerically andvalidated against experiments. By conducting systematical numericalsimulations, we also demonstrate the multifunctionality of the modulus-gradedshape-morphing composites. This new inverse design framework provides anopportunity to create shape-morphing structures by utilising modulus-gradedcomposite materials, which can be employed in a variety of applicationsinvolving multi-physical environments. Furthermore, this framework underscoresthe versatility of the approach, enabling precise control over materialproperties at a local level.

Inverse design and additive manufacturing of shape-morphing structures based on functionally graded composites