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Dynamic rupture simulations generate synthetic waveforms that account fornon-linear source, path, and site complexity. Here, we analyze millions ofspatially dense waveforms from 3D dynamic rupture simulations in a novel way toilluminate the spectral fingerprints of earthquake physics. We define aBrune-type equivalent near-field corner frequency ($f_c$) to analyze thespatial variability of ground motion spectra and unravel their link to sourcecomplexity. We first investigate a simple 3D strike-slip setup, including anasperity and a barrier, and illustrate basic relations between sourceproperties and $f_c$ variations. Next, we analyze > 13,000,000 syntheticnear-field strong motion waveforms generated in three high-resolution dynamicrupture simulations of real earthquakes, namely, the $M_w$ 7.1 2019 Ridgecrestmainshock, the $M_w$ 6.4 Searles Valley foreshock, and the $M_w$ 7.3 1992Landers earthquake. All scenarios consider 3D fault geometries, topography,off-fault plasticity, viscoelastic attenuation, 3D velocity structure, andresolve frequencies up to 1-2 Hz. Our analysis reveals pronounced and localizedpatterns of elevated $f_c$, specifically in the vertical components. Wevalidate such $f_c$ variability in observed near-fault spectra. Using isochroneanalysis, we identify the complex dynamic mechanisms that explain the rays ofelevated $f_c$ and cause unexpectedly impulsive, localized, vertical groundmotions. While the vertical high frequencies are also associated with patheffects, rupture directivity, and coalescence of multiple rupture fronts, weshow that they are dominantly caused by rake-rotated surface-breaking rupturefronts that decelerate due to fault heterogeneities or geometric complexity.Our findings highlight the potential of spatially dense ground motionobservations for furthering our understanding of earthquake physics directlyfrom near-field data.

Equivalent near-field corner frequency analysis of 3D dynamic rupture simulations reveals source complexity