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We present a unified model without the need for an ad hoc Standard Modelhypothesis; we explain why there are three generations of charged and neutralleptons, why neutrinos have a vanishingly small mass, and why flavor-mixingemerges and mass oscillations occur. We show that the sedenion algebra containsthree types of non-associative octonion algebra, with each corresponding to ageneration of leptons. By incorporating extra degrees of freedom, thegeneralized higher dimensional Dirac equation accounts for the internalstructural dynamics. This study sheds light on the intrinsic physicalproperties of three generations of charged leptons and neutrinos and theirdistinctive spacetime structures.

A unified sedenion model for the origins of three generations of charged  and neutral leptons, flavor mixing, mass oscillations and small masses of  neutrinos