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This article provides recommendations for implementing quantitativesusceptibility mapping (QSM) for clinical brain research. It is a consensus ofthe ISMRM Electro-Magnetic Tissue Properties Study Group. While QSM technicaldevelopment continues to advance rapidly, the current QSM methods have beendemonstrated to be repeatable and reproducible for generating quantitativetissue magnetic susceptibility maps in the brain. However, the many QSMapproaches available give rise to the need in the neuroimaging community forguidelines on implementation. This article describes relevant considerationsand provides specific implementation recommendations for all steps in QSM dataacquisition, processing, analysis, and presentation in scientific publications.We recommend that data be acquired using a monopolar 3D multi-echo GREsequence, that phase images be saved and exported in DICOM format and unwrappedusing an exact unwrapping approach. Multi-echo images should be combined beforebackground removal, and a brain mask created using a brain extraction tool withthe incorporation of phase-quality-based masking. Background fields should beremoved within the brain mask using a technique based on SHARP or PDF, and theoptimization approach to dipole inversion should be employed with asparsity-based regularization. Susceptibility values should be measuredrelative to a specified reference, including the common reference region ofwhole brain as a region of interest in the analysis, and QSM results should bereported with - as a minimum - the acquisition and processing specificationslisted in the last section of the article. These recommendations shouldfacilitate clinical QSM research and lead to increased harmonization in dataacquisition, analysis, and reporting.

Recommended Implementation of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping for  Clinical Research in The Brain: A Consensus of the ISMRM Electro-Magnetic  Tissue Properties Study Group