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With the popularity of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), NFTs have become a newtarget of phishing attacks, posing a significant threat to the NFT tradingecosystem. There has been growing anecdotal evidence that new means of NFTphishing attacks have emerged in Ethereum ecosystem. Most of the existingresearch focus on detecting phishing scam accounts for native cryptocurrency onthe blockchain, but there is a lack of research in the area of phishing attacksof emerging NFTs. Although a few studies have recently started to focus on theanalysis and detection of NFT phishing attacks, NFT phishing attack means arediverse and little has been done to understand these various types of NFTphishing attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to conductcase retrospective analysis and measurement study of real-world historical NFTphishing attacks on Ethereum. By manually analyzing the existing scams reportedby Chainabuse, we classify NFT phishing attacks into four patterns. For eachpattern, we further investigate the tricks and working principles of them.Based on 469 NFT phishing accounts collected up until October 2022 frommultiple channels, we perform a measurement study of on-chain transaction datacrawled from Etherscan to characterizing NFT phishing scams by analyzing themodus operandi and preferences of NFT phishing scammers, as well as economicimpacts and whereabouts of stolen NFTs. We classify NFT phishing transactionsinto one of the four patterns by log parsing and transaction record parsing. Wefind these phishing accounts stole 19,514 NFTs for a total profit of 8,858.431ETH (around 18.57 million dollars). We also observe that scammers remain highlyactive in the last two years and favor certain categories and series of NFTs,accompanied with signs of gang theft.

With Trail to Follow: Measurements of Real-world Non-fungible Token Phishing Attacks on Ethereum