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Purpose: To enhance an in-house graphic-processing-unit (GPU) acceleratedvirtual particle (VP)-based Monte Carlo (MC) proton dose engine (VPMC) to modelaperture blocks in both dose calculation and optimization for pencil beamscanning proton therapy (PBSPT)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methodsand Materials: A block aperture module was integrated into VPMC. VPMC wasvalidated by an opensource code, MCsquare, in eight water phantom simulationswith 3cm thick brass apertures: four were with aperture openings of 1, 2, 3,and 4cm without a range shifter, while the other four were with same apertureopening configurations with a range shifter of 45mm water equivalent thickness.VPMC was benchmarked with MCsquare and RayStation MC for 10 patients with smalltargets (average volume 8.4 cc). Finally, 3 patients were selected for robustoptimization with aperture blocks using VPMC. Results: In the water phantoms,3D gamma passing rate (2%/2mm/10%) between VPMC and MCsquare were99.71$\pm$0.23%. In the patient geometries, 3D gamma passing rates (3%/2mm/10%)between VPMC/MCsquare and RayStation MC were 97.79$\pm$2.21%/97.78$\pm$1.97%,respectively. The calculation time was greatly decreased from 112.45$\pm$114.08seconds (MCsquare) to 8.20$\pm$6.42 seconds (VPMC), both having statisticaluncertainties of about 0.5%. The robustly optimized plans met all thedose-volume-constraints (DVCs) for the targets and OARs per our institutionalprotocols. The mean calculation time for 13 influence matrices in robustoptimization by VPMC was 41.6 seconds. Conclusion: VPMC has been successfullyenhanced to model aperture blocks in dose calculation and optimization for thePBSPT-based SRS.

Modelling small block aperture in an in-house developed GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo-based dose engine for pencil beam scanning proton therapy