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The emergence of new public forums in the shape of online social media hasintroduced unprecedented challenges to public discourse, includingpolarization, misinformation, and the emergence of echo chambers. Whileexisting research has extensively studied the behavior of active users withinecho chambers, little attention has been given to the hidden audience, alsoknown as lurkers, who passively consume content without actively engaging. Thisstudy aims to estimate the share of the hidden audience and investigate theirinterplay with the echo chamber effect. Using Twitter as a case study, weanalyze a polarized political debate to understand the engagement patterns andfactors influencing the hidden audience's presence. Our findings reveal arelevant fraction of users that consume content without active interaction,which underscores the importance of considering their presence in onlinedebates. Notably, our results indicate that the engagement of the hiddenaudience is primarily influenced by factors such as the reliability of mediasources mentioned in tweets rather than the ideological stance of the user thatproduced the content. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensiveunderstanding of the hidden audience's role in online debates and how they mayinfluence public opinion.

Beyond Active Engagement: The Significance of Lurkers in a Polarized Twitter Debate