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Many Next Generation (NextG) applications feature devices that are capable ofcommunicating and sensing in the Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) bands. Trustestablishment is an important first step to bootstrap secure mmWavecommunication links, which is challenging due to the lack of prior secrets andthe fact that traditional cryptographic authentication methods cannot binddigital trust with physical properties. Previously, context-based devicepairing approaches were proposed to extract shared secrets from common context,using various sensing modalities. However, they suffer from various limitationsin practicality and security.  In this work, we propose the first secret-free device pairing scheme in themmWave band that explores the unique physical-layer properties of mmWavecommunications. Our basic idea is to let Alice and Bob derive common randomnessby sampling physical activity in the surrounding environment that disturbstheir wireless channel. They construct reliable fingerprints of the activity byextracting event timing information from the channel state. We further proposean uncoordinated path hopping mechanism to resolve the challenges of beamalignment for activity sensing without prior trust. A key novelty of ourprotocol is that it remains secure against both co-located passive adversariesand active Man-in-the-Middle attacks, which is not possible with existingcontext-based pairing approaches. We implement our protocol in a 28GHz mmWavetestbed, and experimentally evaluate its security in realistic indoorenvironments. Results show that our protocol can effectively thwart severaldifferent types of adversaries.

Secret-Free Device Pairing in the mmWave Band