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Water Supply Systems are essential infrastructures for the socio-economiclife of urban cities. To improve their reliability, water utilities undertakeseveral short- and long-term operational tasks based on technical and economicconstraints. These activities are motivated by many factors, includingincreasing leakage rates due to infrastructure aging, increased consumerdemands and need for sustainable use of water and energy. European and nationalregulatory bodies have promoted investment programs for allowing waterutilities to reach common standards of reliability and quality of service amongcountries. Targets of management and operational achievements are usuallymeasured using specific performance indicators. The Italian RegulatoryAuthority for Energy, Networks and Environment (ARERA) recently introduced theRegulation of the technical performances of water utilities. Performances onleakage management and investment plans of the utilities are thus based on twoindicators named M1a (linear leakage index) and M1b (percentage leakage index).This paper analyzes in details the inconsistencies of the percentage leakageindex (M1b), mainly due to its mathematical formulation and the ambiguity ofdefining water consumption as part of the total system inflow. The discussionis supported by a real case study, where both indicators have been calculatedto assess their impact on management decisions and investment plans. Theinconsistencies of the percentage leakage index are further demonstrated forvarious layouts of water supply systems.

Assessing Water Performance Indicators for Leakage Reduction and Asset Management in Water Supply Systems