English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Our ISCA 2013 paper provides a fundamental empirical understanding of twomajor factors that make it very difficult to determine the minimum dataretention time of a DRAM cell, based on the first comprehensive experimentalcharacterization of retention time behavior of a large number of moderncommodity DRAM chips from 5 major vendors. We study the prevalence, effects,and technology scaling characteristics of two significant phenomena: 1) datapattern dependence (DPD), where the minimum retention time of a DRAM cell isaffected by data stored in other DRAM cells, and 2) variable retention time(VRT), where the minimum retention time of a DRAM cell changes unpredictablyover time. To this end, we built a flexible FPGA-based testing infrastructureto test DRAM chips, which has enabled a large amount of further experimentalresearch in DRAM. Our ISCA 2013 paper's results using this infrastructureclearly demonstrate that DPD and VRT phenomena are significant issues that mustbe addressed for correct operation in DRAM-based systems and their effects aregetting worse as DRAM scales to smaller technology node sizes. Our work alsoprovides ideas on how to accurately identify data retention times in thepresence of DPD and VRT, e.g., online profiling with error correcting codes,which later works examined and enabled. Most modern DRAM chips now incorporateECC, especially to account for VRT effects.  This short retrospective provides a brief analysis of our ISCA 2013 paper andits impact. We describe why we did the work, what we found and itsimplications, what the findings as well as the infrastructure we built todiscover them have enabled in later works, and our thoughts on what the futuremay bring.

Retrospective: An Experimental Study of Data Retention Behavior in Modern DRAM Devices: Implications for Retention Time Profiling Mechanisms