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Public transit is a popular mode of transit due to its affordability, despitethe inconveniences due to the necessity of transfers required to reach mostareas. For example, in the bus and metro network of New Delhi, only 30% ofstops can be directly accessed from any starting point, thus requiringtransfers for most commutes. Additionally, last-mile services like rickshaws,tuk-tuks or shuttles are commonly used as feeders to the nearest public transitaccess points, which further adds to the complexity and inefficiency of ajourney. Ultimately, users often face a tradeoff between coverage and transfersto reach their destination, regardless of the mode of transit or the use oflast-mile services. To address the problem of limited accessibility andinefficiency due to transfers in public transit systems, we propose``opti-mile," a novel trip planning approach that combines last-mile serviceswith public transit such that no transfers are required. Opti-mile allows usersto customise trip parameters such as maximum walking distance, and acceptablefare range. We analyse the transit network of New Delhi, evaluating theefficiency, feasibility and advantages of opti-mile for optimal multi-modaltrips between randomly selected source-destination pairs. We demonstrate thatopti-mile trips lead to a 10% reduction in distance travelled for 18% increasein price compared to traditional shortest paths. We also show that opti-miletrips provide better coverage of the city than public transit, without asignificant fare increase.

No Transfers Required: Integrating Last Mile with Public Transit Using Opti-Mile