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Electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) is a powerful technique forestimating element-specific magnetic moments of materials on nanoscale with thepotential to reach atomic resolution in transmission electron microscopes.However, the fundamentally weak EMCD signal strength complicates quantificationof magnetic moments, as this requires very high precision, especially in thedenominator of the sum rules. Here, we employ a statistical resamplingtechnique known as bootstrapping to an experimental EMCD dataset to produce anempirical estimate of the noise dependent error distribution resulting fromapplication of EMCD sum rules to bcc iron in a 3 beam orientation. We observeclear experimental evidence that noisy EMCD signals preferentially bias theestimation of magnetic moments, further supporting this with errordistributions produced by Monte-Carlo simulations. Finally, we proposeguidelines for the recognition and minimization of this bias in the estimationof magnetic moments.

Noise-dependent bias in quantitative STEM-EMCD experiments revealed by bootstrapping