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We consider in detail a possibility that the observed neutrino oscillationsare due to refraction on ultralight scalar boson dark matter. We introduce therefractive mass squared, $\tilde{m}^2$, and study its properties: dependence onneutrino energy, state of the background, etc. If the background is in a stateof cold gas of particles, $\tilde{m}^2$ shows a resonance dependence on energy.Above the resonance ($E \gg E_R $), we find that $\tilde{m}^2$ has the sameproperties as usual vacuum mass squared. Below the resonance, $\tilde{m}^2$decreases with energy, which (if realised) allows us to avoid the cosmologicalbound on the sum of neutrino masses. Also, $\tilde{m}^2$ may depend on time. Weconsider the validity of the results: effects of multiple interactions withscalars, and modification of the dispersion relation. We show that for valuesof parameters of the system required to reproduce the observed neutrino masses,perturbativity is broken at low energies, which border above the resonance. Ifthe background is in the state of coherent classical field, the refractive massdoes not depend on energy explicitly but may show time dependence. It coincideswith the refractive mass in a cold gas at high energies. The refractive natureof neutrino mass can be tested by searches of its dependence on energy andtime.

Refractive neutrino masses, ultralight dark matter and cosmology