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We introduce a system of bacteria confined to a finite 2D oil-water interfaceand driven on two distinct time scales by motility and by growth. The combinedeffect of activity on different time scales creates transitions between severalcommon collective behaviors. These transitions are observed using time-lapsemicroscopy with high spatial and temporal resolution over eight hours. Wesequentially observe an initial dilute state, a clustered state, an activeturbulent state, and a glassy state, and we are able to directly observe andcharacterize the transitions between these states. This system allows theinvestigation of emergent effects surrounding transitions between phases,expanding on studies that have considered them in isolation. In particular, apeak in the velocity correlation length is observed at the turbulent-glassytransition, suggesting that this transition significantly increases the activeturbulent length scale.

Growth-induced phase changes in swimming bacteria at finite liquid interfaces