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The current work experimentally studies the complex interaction betweenunderwater explosion (UNDEX) bubbles and a free surface. We aim to reveal thedependence of the associated physics on the key factor, namely, thedimensionless detonation depth $\gamma$ (scaled by the maximum equivalentbubble radius). Four typical bubble behavior patterns are identified with therespective range of $\gamma$: (i) bubble bursting at the free surface, (ii)bubble jetting downward, (iii) neutral collapse of the bubble, and (iv)quasi-free-field motion. By comparison of the jet direction and the migrationof the bubble centroid, a critical value of $\gamma$ is vital for ignoring theeffects of the free surface on UNDEX bubbles. Good agreements are obtainedbetween the experimental data and the unified theory for bubble dynamics byZhang et al. Additionally, the dependence of the pressure signals in the flowfield on $\gamma$ is investigated. The peak pressure, impulse, and energydissipation in the UNDEX are investigated.

Experimental study of underwater explosions below a free surface: bubble dynamics and pressure wave emission