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The Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) emerging inorganic solar cell is highlypromising for accelerating the large-scale and low-cost applications ofthin-film photovoltaics. It possesses distinct advantages such as abundant andnon-toxic constituent elements, high material stability, and excellentcompatibility with industrial processes. However, CZTSSe solar cells still facechallenges related to complex defects and charge losses. To overcome theselimitations and improve the efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells, it is crucial toexperimentally identify and mitigate deep defects. In this study, we revealthat the dominant deep defect in CZTSSe materials exhibits donorcharacteristics. We propose that incomplete cation exchange during themulti-step crystallization reactions of CZTSSe is the kinetics mechanismresponsible for the defect formation. To address this issue, we introduce anelemental synergistic alloying approach aimed at weakening the metal-chalcogenbond strength and the stability of intermediate phases. This alloying strategyhas facilitated the kinetics of cation exchange, leading to a significantreduction in charge losses within the CZTSSe absorber. As a result, we haveachieved a cell efficiency of over 14.5%. These results represent a significantadvancement for emerging inorganic solar cells and additionally bring moreopportunities for the precise identification and regulation of defects in awider range of multinary inorganic compounds.

Multinary Alloying Suppresses Defect Formation in Emerging Inorganic Solar Cells