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Short Message Service (SMS) is a popular channel for online service providersto verify accounts and authenticate users registered to a particular service.Specialized applications, called Public SMS Gateways (PSGs), offer freeDisposable Phone Numbers (DPNs) that can be used to receive SMS messages. DPNsallow users to protect their privacy when creating online accounts. However,they can also be abused for fraudulent activities and to bypass securitymechanisms like Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). In this paper, we perform alarge-scale and longitudinal study of the DPN ecosystem by monitoring 17,141unique DPNs in 29 PSGs over the course of 12 months. Using a dataset of over70M messages, we provide an overview of the ecosystem and study the differentservices that offer DPNs and their relationships. Next, we build a frameworkthat (i) identifies and classifies the purpose of an SMS; and (ii) accuratelyattributes every message to more than 200 popular Internet services thatrequire SMS for creating registered accounts. Our results indicate that the DPNecosystem is globally used to support fraudulent account creation and access,and that this issue is ubiquitous and affects all major Internet platforms andspecialized online services.

Your Code is 0000: An Analysis of the Disposable Phone Numbers Ecosystem