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This article presents the development and validation of a hybrid multi-spherediscrete element framework - Rigid3D, for the simulation of granular systemswith arbitrarily shaped particles in 3D space. In this DEM framework, anon-spherical particle is approximated by three different geometric models: (1)multi-sphere model with overlapping spheres (MS model), (2) particle surfacewith triangle mesh (surface model), and (3) discretized particle body withpolyhedral cells (cell model). The multi-sphere approach will be the "engine"for efficient DEM simulations, while the particle's mesh and cell models willbe updated simultaneously according to the position and orientation of theirassociated MS model, for use in particle-related inter-phase couplings in amulti-phase flow. In this sense, Rigid3D tries to combine the best of bothworlds in multi-sphere and polyhedral DEMs: multi-sphere method for theefficiency and acceptable accuracy in the DEM simulation of granular flows,while the surface and cell models for the couplings between particles and otherphases (continuous or dispersed phases) without affecting the performance ofDEM simulations.

Rigid3D: a hybrid multi-sphere DEM framework for simulation of non-spherical particles in multi-phase flow