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Nature provides a myriad of intangible and non-material services to people.However, urbanites are increasingly disconnected from the natural world. Theconsequences of this progressive disconnection from nature remain difficult tomeasure as this process is slow and long-term monitoring or large-scalemanipulation on nature experiences are scarce. Measures to contain the spreadof the recent covid-19 pandemic (i.e., lockdowns) have potentially reduced oreven suppressed nature experiences in cities. This situation provided anopportunity for conducting a longitudinal study that can serve as a sort ofnatural experiment to quantify the effects of nature deprivation onindividuals' health, well-being and relationship to nature. We collected dataon these variables from the same individuals inhabiting a large metropolis (TelAviv, Israel) twice, in 2018 (before) and during the lockdown in 2020. Ourresults confirmed that frequency, duration and quality of nature interactionsdropped during the lockdown, while environmental attitudes and affinity towardsnature remained similar. This was particularly true for people living in theleast green neighborhoods, where a significant decrease in personal and socialwell-being was also found. Finally, affinity towards nature influencedwell-being through nature experiences in 2018. The mediation effect was notsignificant in 2020, probably due to the decrease in nature experiences duringthe lockdown, but the direct relationship between affinity towards nature andwell-being remained strong. These results provide insights into the meansrequired to align the public health and conservation agendas to safeguardurbanites' health and well-being during a pandemic and mitigate thebiodiversity crisis.

Impacts of nature deprivations during the COVID-19 pandemic: A pre-post comparison