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Creating a quantitative theory for the cortex poses several challenges andraises numerous questions. For instance, what are the significant scales of thesystem? Are they micro, meso or macroscopic? What are the relevantinteractions? Are they pairwise, higher order or mean-field? And what are thecontrol parameters? Are they noisy, dissipative or emergent?  To tackle these issues, we suggest using an approach akin to what hastransformed our understanding of the state of matter. This includes identifyinginvariances in the ensemble dynamics of various neuron functional classes,searching for order parameters that connect important degrees of freedom anddistinguish macroscopic system states, and identifying broken symmetries in theorder parameter space to comprehend the emerging laws when many neuronsinteract and coordinate their activation.  By utilizing multielectrode and multiscale neural recordings, we measure thescale-invariant balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurons at apopulation level, referred to as ensemble E/I balance. This differs from theinput E/I balance typically studied at the single-neuron level, focusinginstead on the collective behavior of large neural populations. We investigatea set of parameters that can assist us in differentiating between variousfunctional system states (such as the wake/sleep cycle) and pinpointing brokensymmetries that serve different information processing and memory functions.Furthermore, we identify broken symmetries that result in pathological stateslike seizures.  This study provides new insights into the multiscale dynamics of excitationand inhibition in cortical networks, advancing our understanding of theunderlying principles governing neural computation and dysfunction.

Symmetry's Edge in Cortical Dynamics: Multiscale Dynamics of Ensemble Excitation and Inhibition