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Every Web session involves a DNS resolution. While, in the last decade, wewitnessed a promising trend towards an encrypted Web in general, DNS encryptionhas only recently gained traction with the standardisation of DNS over TLS(DoT) and DNS over HTTPS (DoH). Meanwhile, the rapid rise of QUIC deploymenthas now opened up an exciting opportunity to utilise the same protocol to notonly encrypt Web communications, but also DNS. In this paper, we evaluate thisbenefit of using QUIC to coalesce name resolution via DNS over QUIC (DoQ), andWeb content delivery via HTTP/3 (H3) with 0-RTT. We compare this scenario usingseveral possible combinations where H3 is used in conjunction with DoH and DoQ,as well as the unencrypted DNS over UDP (DoUDP). We observe, that when using H31-RTT, page load times with DoH can get inflated by $>$30\% over fixed-line andby $>$50\% over mobile when compared to unencrypted DNS with DoUDP. However,this cost of encryption can be drastically reduced when encrypted connectionsare coalesced (DoQ + H3 0-RTT), thereby reducing the page load times by 1/3over fixed-line and 1/2 over mobile, overall making connection coalescing withQUIC the best option for encrypted communication on the Internet.

On Cross-Layer Interactions of QUIC, Encrypted DNS and HTTP/3: Design, Evaluation and Dataset