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We report on atomic-scale analyses of nucleation and growth of Zr oxideprecipitates and the microstructural evolution of internally oxidized Nb3Snwires for high-field superconducting magnet applications, utilizing atom probetomography (APT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and first-principlescalculations. APT analyses reveal that prior to interfacial reactions atNb/Nb3Sn interfaces, Zr atoms in an unreacted Nb-1Zr-4Ta (at.%) alloy formclusters with O atoms owing to their high affinity for oxygen and aresegregated at grain boundaries (GBs) in the Nb grains. Then, nucleation of Zroxide precipitates occurs in Nb3Sn and at Nb3Sn/Nb interfaces, driven by thesmall solubility of Zr and O in Nb3Sn compared to Nb. Quantitative APT and TEManalyses of Zr oxide precipitates in Nb3Sn layers demonstrate the nucleation,growth, and coarsening processes of Zr oxide precipitates in Nb3Sn layers. Ahigh number density of Zr oxide nanoprecipitates is observed in the Nb3Snlayers, ~10^23 per m^3, with a mean precipitate diam. <10 nm at 625 oC and 700oC, which provide pinning centers for grain refinement of Nb3Sn, <100 nm diam.,and serve as pinning sites for fluxons. First-principles calculations andclassical nucleation theory are employed to describe the nucleation of Zr oxideprecipitates in Nb3Sn: energy barriers and the critical radius for nucleationof Zr oxide precipitates in Nb3Sn. Our research yields the kinetic pathways fornucleation and growth of Zr oxide precipitates and the microstructuralevolution of Nb3Sn layers, which helps to improve the fabrication process ofinternally oxidized Nb3Sn wires for high-field superconducting magnets.

Unveiling the nucleation and growth of Zr oxide precipitates of internally oxidized Nb3Sn superconductors