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Motion in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans results in image corruptionand remains a barrier to clinical imaging. Motion correction algorithms requireaccurate sensing, but existing sensors are limited in sensitivity, comfort, orgeneral usability. We propose Beat Pilot Tone (BPT), a radio frequency (RF)motion sensing system that is sensitive, comfortable, versatile, and scalable.BPT operates by a novel mechanism: two or more transmitted RF tones formstanding wave patterns that are modulated by motion and sensed by the samereceiver coil arrays used for MR imaging. By serendipity, the tones are mixedthrough nonlinear intermodulation in the receiver chain and digitizedsimultaneously with the MRI data. We demonstrate BPT's mechanism in simulationsand experiments. Furthermore, we show in healthy volunteers that BPT can sensehead, bulk, respiratory, and cardiac motion, including small vibrations such asdisplacement ballistocardiograms. BPT can distinguish between different motiontypes, achieve greater sensitivity than other methods, and operate as amultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Thus, BPT can enablemotion-robust MRI scans at high spatiotemporal resolution in many applications.

Beat Pilot Tone: Versatile, Contact-Free Motion Sensing in MRI with Radio Frequency Intermodulation