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Externally applied pressure impacts the performance of batteries particularlyin those undergoing large volume changes, such as lithium metal batteries. Inparticular, the Li$^+$ electroplating process in large format pouch cellsoccurs at a larger dimension compared to those in smaller lab-scale cells. Afundamental linkage between external pressure and large format electroplatingof Li$^+$ remains missing but yet critically needed to understand theelectrochemical behavior of Li$^+$ in practical batteries. Herein, this workutilizes 350 Wh/kg lithium metal pouch cell as a model system to study theelectroplating of Li$^+$ ions and the impact of external pressure. Thevertically applied uniaxial pressure on the batteries using liquid electrolyteprofoundly affects the electroplating process of Li$^+$ which is well reflectedby the self-generated pressures in the cell and can be correlated to batterycycling stability. Taking advantage of both constant gap and pressureapplication, all Li metal pouch cells demonstrated minimum swelling of 6-8%after 300 cycles, comparable to that of state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries.Along the horizontal directions, the pressure distributed across the surface ofLi metal pouch cell reveals a unique phenomenon of Li$^+$ migration during theelectroplating (charge) process driven by an uneven distribution of externalpressure across the large electrode area, leading to a preferred Li plating inthe center area of Li metal anode. This work addresses a longstanding questionand provides new fundamental insights on large format electrochemical platingof Li which will inspire more innovations and lead to homogeneous deposition ofLi to advance rechargeable lithium metal battery technology.

Pressure-Induced Detour of Li$^+$ Transport during Large-Scale Electroplating of Lithium in High-Energy Lithium Metal Pouch Cells