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Chatbots shifted from rule-based to artificial intelligence techniques andgained traction in medicine, shopping, customer services, food delivery,education, and research. OpenAI developed ChatGPT blizzard on the Internet asit crossed one million users within five days of its launch. However, with theenhanced popularity, chatbots experienced cybersecurity threats andvulnerabilities. This paper discussed the relevant literature, reports, andexplanatory incident attacks generated against chatbots. Our initial point isto explore the timeline of chatbots from ELIZA (an early natural languageprocessing computer program) to GPT-4 and provide the working mechanism ofChatGPT. Subsequently, we explored the cybersecurity attacks andvulnerabilities in chatbots. Besides, we investigated the ChatGPT, specificallyin the context of creating the malware code, phishing emails, undetectablezero-day attacks, and generation of macros and LOLBINs. Furthermore, thehistory of cyberattacks and vulnerabilities exploited by cybercriminals arediscussed, particularly considering the risk and vulnerabilities in ChatGPT.Addressing these threats and vulnerabilities requires specific strategies andmeasures to reduce the harmful consequences. Therefore, the future directionsto address the challenges were presented.

Chatbots to ChatGPT in a Cybersecurity Space: Evolution, Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Challenges, and Future Recommendations