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Iceberg calving accounts for around half of the ice lost annually fromAntarctica, but realistic representation of fracture and calving in large-scaleice sheet models remains a major unsolved problem in glaciology. We present anew phase-field viscoelastic model for fracture that simulates the slowdeformation of ice and the distribution and evolution of cracks. Cracksnucleate and propagate in response to the evolving stress field, and areinfluenced by water pressure below sea level. The model incorporatesnonlinear-viscous rheology, linear-elastic rheology, and a phase-fieldvariational formulation, which allows simulation of complex fracture phenomena.We show that this approach is capable of simulating the physical process ofcalving. Numerical experiments supported by a simplified model suggest thatcalving rate will scale with the fourth power of ice thickness for a floatingice front that has no variation across flow. The equations make no assumptionsabout the style of calving, so they would also simulate numerous more realisticsettings in Antarctica for which material parameters and three-dimensionaleffects can be expected to influence the calving rate.

A viscoelastic phase-field model for iceberg calving