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In this dissertation, we study the generalized symmetries in supergravitiesand superconformal field theories from the string theory perspective.  Part one is devoted to the study of string universality in high spacetimedimensions. Answering this question requires us to combine the following twoapproaches. In the "top-down" approach, We focus on supergravity theories in 7,8, and 9 dimensional spacetime with 16 supercharges. We emphasize two discreteaspects of these theories: generalized global symmetries and frozensingularities. We give an exhaustive classification of IIB supergravity theoryin 8D, particularly emphasizing these two discrete aspects. In the "bottom-up"approach, we present a consistency condition of general 8D supergravitytheories involving their higher-form symmetries use it to rule out many globalstructures of the gauge groups in 8D supergravity theories that do not admitstring theory constructions. Part two studies the generalized global symmetriesof geometrically-engineered quantum field theories via string theory. Weexamined branes wrapping on relative topological cycles that give heavy defectsthat are charged under generalized global symmetries, which can then be used toconstruct new lower-dimensional theories. By investigating the string theoryorigin of the topological operators, we provide a general construction of thesetopological operators in the context of geometric engineering as branes wrappedon the homological cycles in the asymptotic boundary of the internal geometry.We illustrate this proposal by determining non-invertible 2-form symmetries in6D superconformal field theories. Furthermore, by wrapping type IIB 7-brane onthe entire asymptotic boundary of the internal manifold, we explicitly give aunified string-theoretic construction of two different types of field-theoreticnon-invertible duality defects.

Generalized Symmetries in Supergravities and Superconformal Field Theories via String Theory