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This paper proposes the utilization of cell-free massive MIMO (CF-M-MIMO)processing on top of the regular micro/macrocellular deployments typicallyfound in current 5G networks. Towards this end, it contemplates the connectionof all base stations to a central processing unit (CPU) through fronthaullinks, thus enabling the joint processing of all serviced user equipment (UE),yet avoiding the expensive deployment and maintenance of dozens of randomlyscattered access points (APs). Moreover, it allows the implementation ofcentralized strategies to exploit the sleep mode capabilities of currentbaseband/RF hardware to (de)activate selected Base Stations (BSs) in order tomaximize the network energy efficiency and to react to changes in UE behaviourand/or operator requirements. In line with current cellular networkdeployments, it considers the use of multiple antennas at the UE side thatunavoidably introduces the need to effectively manage the number of streams tobe directed to each UE in order to balance multiplexing gains and increasedpilot contamination.

Energy efficient cell-free massive MIMO on 5G deployments: sleep modes strategies and user stream management