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Understanding the physical mechanisms that control galaxy formation is afundamental challenge in contemporary astrophysics. Recent advances in thefield of astrophysical feedback strongly suggest that cosmic rays (CRs) may becrucially important for our understanding of cosmological galaxy formation andevolution. The appealing features of CRs are their relatively long coolingtimes and relatively strong dynamical coupling to the gas. In galaxies, CRs canbe close to equipartition with the thermal, magnetic, and turbulent energydensity in the interstellar medium, and can be dynamically very important indriving large-scale galactic winds. Similarly, CRs may provide a significantcontribution to the pressure in the circumgalactic medium. In galaxy clusters,CRs may play a key role in addressing the classic cooling flow problem byfacilitating efficient heating of the intracluster medium and preventingexcessive star formation. Overall, the underlying physics of CR interactionswith plasmas exhibit broad parallels across the entire range of scalescharacteristic of the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intracluster media.Here we present a review of the state-of-the-art of this field and provide apedagogical introduction to cosmic ray plasma physics, including the physics ofwave-particle interactions, acceleration processes, CR spatial and spectraltransport, and important cooling processes. The field is ripe for discovery andwill remain the subject of intense theoretical, computational, andobservational research over the next decade with profound implications for theinterpretation of the observations of stellar and supermassive black holefeedback spanning the entire width of the electromagnetic spectrum andmulti-messenger data.

Cosmic ray feedback in galaxies and galaxy clusters -- A pedagogical  introduction and a topical review of the acceleration, transport,  observables, and dynamical impact of cosmic rays