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As a measure of the 'closeness' of two quantum states, fidelity plays afundamental role in quantum information theory. Fidelity estimation protocolstry to strike a balance between information gleaned from an experiment, and theefficiency of its implementation, in terms of the number of states consumed bythe protocol. Here we adapt a previously reported optimal state verificationprotocol (Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 170502, 2018) for fidelity estimation oftwo-qubit states. We demonstrate the protocol experimentally using afully-programmable silicon photonic two-qubit chip. Our protocol outputssignificantly smaller error bars of its point estimate in comparison withanother widely-used estimation protocol, showing a clear step forward in theability to estimate the fidelity of quantum states produced by a practicaldevice.

Fidelity estimation of quantum states on a silicon photonic chip