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The spatiotemporal variation in tropical air-sea interaction is investigatedby applying a simple model that considers the fundamental dynamics in tropicaloceans. The model decomposes sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variationinto a series of spatial modes that oscillates with their natural frequencies.The results suggest that the first mode associates with the dipole-like SSTAvariation between the western and the eastern coast, such as EP El Ni\~no, theAtlantic Ni\~no, and IOD; whereas the second mode associates with thetripole-like SSTA pattern among the central and eastern, western coast, such asCP El Ni\~no and minor SSTA variations in the tropical Atlantic and IndianOcean. Each mode oscillates with its natural frequency that depends on thestrength of air-sea coupling and the basin size. The model provides asystematic framework for the comprehensive understanding of the complex air-seainteraction in tropical oceans.

Spatiotemporally unified air-sea interaction in tropical oceans