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Relativistic isobar ($^{96}_{44}$Ru+$^{96}_{44}$Ru and$^{96}_{40}$Zr+$^{96}_{40}$Zr) collisions have revealed intricate differencesin their nuclear size and shape, inspiring unconventional studies of nuclearstructure using relativistic heavy ion collisions. In this study, weinvestigate the relative differences in the mean multiplicity ($R_{\langleN_{\rm ch}\rangle}$) and the second- ($R_{\epsilon_{2}}$) and third-ordereccentricity ($R_{\epsilon_{3}}$) between isobar collisions using Optical andMonte Carlo Glauber models. It is found that initial fluctuations and nucleardeformations have negligible effects on $R_{\langle N_{\rm ch}\rangle}$ in mostcentral collisions, while both are important for the $R_{\epsilon_{2}}$ and$R_{\epsilon_{3}}$, the degree of which is sensitive to the underlyingnucleonic or sub-nucleonic degree of freedom. These features, compared to realdata, may probe the particle production mechanism and the physics underlyingnuclear structure.

Impact of initial fluctuations and nuclear deformations in isobar collisions