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The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertzgravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological andastrophysical sources. However, current observations lack the precision neededto differentiate between different models from the spectral index. We find thatthe cosmological GW sources, including bubble collisions, sound waves, domainwalls, condensate fragmentations, and primordial curvature perturbations,induce large energy density perturbations so that most dark matter will existin gravitationally self-bound subhalos. Then, the observation of suchsubstructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirmor exclude the cosmological GW sources.

Distinguishing the nanohertz gravitational-wave sources by the observations of compact dark matter subhalos