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Symbiotic radio (SR) is a promising technology of spectrum- andenergy-efficient wireless systems, for which the key idea is to use cognitivebackscattering communication to achieve mutualistic spectrum and energy sharingwith passive backscatter devices (BDs). In this paper, a reconfigurableintelligent surface (RIS) based SR system is considered, where the RIS is usednot only to assist the primary active communication, but also for passivecommunication to transmit its own information. For the considered system, weinvestigate the EE trade-off between active and passive communications, bycharacterizing the EE region. To gain some insights, we first derive themaximum achievable individual EEs of the primary transmitter (PT) and RIS,respectively, and then analyze the asymptotic performance by exploiting thechannel hardening effect. To characterize the non-trivial EE trade-off, weformulate an optimization problem to find the Pareto boundary of the EE regionby jointly optimizing the transmit beamforming, power allocation and thepassive beamforming of RIS. The formulated problem is non-convex, and anefficient algorithm is proposed by decomposing it into a series of subproblemsby using alternating optimization (AO) and successive convex approximation(SCA) techniques. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate theeffectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

On the Energy-Efficiency Trade-off Between Active and Passive Communications with RIS-based Symbiotic Radio