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Harvesting organic matter from wastewater is widely applied to maximizeenergy recovery; however, it limits the applicability of secondary treatmentfor acceptable effluent discharge into surface water bodies. To turn thisbottleneck issue into an opportunity, this study developed oxygen-inducedthiosulfatE production duRing sulfATe reductiOn (EARTO) to provide an efficientelectron donor for wastewater treatment. Typical pretreated wastewater wassynthesized with chemical oxygen demand of 110 mg/L, sulfate of 50 mg S/L, andvarying dissolved oxygen (DO) and was fed into a moving-bed biofilm reactor(MBBR). The MBBR was operated continuously with a short hydraulic retentiontime of 40 min for 349 days. The formation rate of thiosulfate reached0.12-0.18 g S/(m2.d) with a high produced thiosulfate-S/TdS-S ratio of 38-73%when influent DO was 2.7-3.6 mg/L. The sludge yield was 0.23-0.29 gVSS/gCOD,much lower than it was in conventional activated sludge processes. Then, batchtests and metabolism analysis were conducted to confirm the oxygen effect onthiosulfate formation, characterize the roles of sulfate and microbialactivities, and explore the mechanism of oxygen-induced thiosulfate formationin ERATO. Results examined that oxygen supply promoted thethiosulfate-Sproduced/TdS-Sproduced ratio from 4% to 24-26%, demonstrated thatsulfate and microbial activities were critical for thiosulfate production, andindicated that oxygen induces thiosulfate formation through two pathways: 1)direct sulfide oxidation, and 2) indirect sulfide oxidation, sulfide is firstoxidized to S0 (dominant) which then reacts with sulfite derived fromoxygen-regulated biological sulfate reduction. The proposed compact ERATOprocess, featuring high thiosulfate production and low sludge production,supports space- and energy-efficient secondary wastewater treatment.

A new sulfur bioconversion process development for energy- and space-efficient secondary wastewater treatment