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The competitive exclusion principle (CEP) is a fundamental concept in theniche theory, which posits that the number of available resources constrainsthe coexistence of species. While the CEP offers an intuitive explanation oncoexistence, it has been challenged by counterexamples observed in nature. Oneprominent counterexample is the phytoplankton community, known as the paradoxof the plankton. Diverse phytoplankton species coexist in the ocean even thoughthey demand a limited number of resources. To shed light on this remarkablebiodiversity in large ecosystems quantitatively, we consider\textit{intraspecific suppression} into the generalized MacArthur'sconsumer-resource model and study the relative diversity, the number ratiobetween coexisting consumers and resource kinds. By employing the cavity methodand generating functional analysis, we demonstrate that, under intraspecificsuppression, the number of consumer species can surpass the availableresources. This phenomenon stems from the fact that intraspecific suppressionprevents the emergence of dominant species, thereby fostering highbiodiversity. Furthermore, our study highlights that the impact of thiscompetition on biodiversity is contingent upon environmental conditions. Ourwork presents a comprehensive framework that encompasses the CEP and itscounterexamples by introducing intraspecific suppression.

Enhancing biodiversity through intraspecific suppression in large ecosystems