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Chemical reactions involve the movement of charges, and this work presents amathematical model for describing chemical reactions in electrolytes. The modelis developed using an energy variational method that aligns with classicalthermodynamics principles. It encompasses both electrostatics and chemicalreactions within consistently defined energetic and dissipative functionals.Furthermore, the energy variation method is extended to account for opensystems that involve the input and output of charge and mass. Such open systemshave the capability to convert one form of input energy into another form ofoutput energy. In particular, a two-domain model is developed to study areaction system with self-regulation and internal switching, which plays avital role in the electron transport chain of mitochondria responsible for ATPgeneration crucial process for sustaining life. Simulations are conducted toexplore the influence of electric potential on reaction rates and switchingdynamics within the two-domain system. It shows that the electric potentialinhibits the oxidation reaction while accelerating the reduction reaction.

Coupled Chemical Reactions: Effects of Electric Field, Diffusion and Boundary Control