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X-ray time-resolved tomography is one of the most popular X-ray techniques toprobe dynamics in three dimensions (3D). Recent developments in time-resolvedtomography opened the possibility of recording kilohertz-rate 3D movies.However, tomography requires rotating the sample with respect to the X-raybeam, which prevents characterization of faster structural dynamics. Here, wepresent megahertz (MHz) X-ray multi-projection imaging (MHz-XMPI), a techniquecapable of recording volumetric information at MHz rates and micrometerresolution without scanning the sample. We achieved this by harnessing theunique megahertz pulse structure and intensity of the European X-rayFree-electron Laser with a combination of novel detection and reconstructionapproaches that do not require sample rotations. Our approach enablesgenerating multiple X-ray probes that simultaneously record several angularprojections for each pulse in the megahertz pulse burst. We provide aproof-of-concept demonstration of the MHz-XMPI technique's capability to probe4D (3D+time) information on stochastic phenomena and non-reproducible processesthree orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art time-resolved X-raytomography, by generating 3D movies of binary droplet collisions. We anticipatethat MHz-XMPI will enable in-situ and operando studies that were impossiblebefore, either due to the lack of temporal resolution or because the systemswere opaque (such as for MHz imaging based on optical microscopy).

Megahertz X-ray Multi-projection imaging