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Due to the multitude of scales present in realistic oceanic conditions,resolving the surface stress is computationally intensive, motivating modelingapproaches. In this work, a dynamic wave drag model is developed for Large EddySimulation to quantify the effects of multiscale dynamically rough surfaces onthe atmospheric boundary layer. The waves are vertically unresolved, and thetotal drag due to the horizontally resolved portion of the wave spectrum iscomputed through a superposition of the force from each mode. As LES can onlyresolve the horizontal wind-wave interactions to the filter scale $\Delta$, theeffects of the horizontally unresolved, subfilter waves are modeled byspecifying a roughness length scale characterizing the unresolved wave energyspectrum. This subfilter roughness is set proportional to the subfilterroot-mean-square of the height distribution, and the constant ofproportionality is evaluated dynamically during the simulation based on theassumption that the total drag force at the wave surface is independent of thefilter scale. The dynamic approach is used to simulate the airflow over aspectrum of moving waves and the results are validated against high-fidelityphase-resolved simulations. The dynamic approach combined with the wavespectrum drag model is then used to study flow through a fixed-bottom offshorewind farm. The dynamic model accurately adapts to the changing velocity fieldand accurately predicts the mean velocity profiles and power produced from theoffshore wind farm. Further, the effect of the wind-wave interactions on themean velocity profiles, power production, and kinetic energy budget arequantified.

A dynamic wall modeling approach for Large Eddy Simulation of offshore wind farms in realistic oceanic conditions