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An immersed boundary method for the fluid--structure--thermal interaction inrarefied gas flow is presented. In this method, the slip model is incorporatedwith the penalty immersed boundary method to address the velocity andtemperature jump conditions at the fluid--structure interface in rarefied gasflow within slip regime. In this method, the compressible flow governed byNavier-Stokes equations are solved by using high-order finite differencemethod; the elastic solid is solved by using finite element method; the fluidand solid are solved independently and the fluid--structure--thermalinteraction are achieved by using a penalty method in a partitioned way.Several validations are conducted including Poiseuille flow in a 2D pipe, flowaround a 2D NACA airfoil, moving square cylinder in a 2D pipe, flow around asphere and moving sphere in quiescent flow. The numerical results from presentmethod show good agreement with the previous published data obtained by othermethods, and it confirms the the good ability of the proposed method inhandling fluid--structure--thermal interaction for both weakly compressible andhighly compressible rarefied gas flow. To overcome the incapability ofNavier-Stokes equations at high local Knudsen numbers in supersonic flow, anartificial viscosity is introduced to ease the sharp transition at the shockwave front. Inspired by Martian exploration, the application of proposed methodto study the aerodynamics of flapping wing in rarefied gas flow is conducted inboth 2D and 3D domains, to obtain some insights for the flapping-wing aerialvehicles operating in Martian environment.

An immersed boundary method for the fluid--structure--thermal interaction in rarefied gas flow