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In the last decades, important progress has been achieved in theunderstanding of the neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting (IF), caloricrestriction (CR) and exercise. Improved neuroprotection, synaptic plasticityand adult neurogenesis (NSPAN) are essential examples of these neurotrophiceffects. The importance in this respect of the metabolic switch from glucose toketone bodies as cellular fuel has been highlighted. More recently, calorierestriction mimetics (CRMs; resveratrol and other polyphenols in particular)have been investigated thoroughly in relation to NSPAN. In the narrative reviewsections of this manuscript, recent findings on these essential functions aresynthesized and the most important molecules involved are presented. The mostresearched signaling pathways (PI3K, Akt, mTOR, AMPK, GSK3$\beta$, ULK, MAPK,PGC-1$\alpha$, NF-$\kappa$B, sirtuins, Notch, Sonic hedgehog and Wnt) andprocesses (e.g., anti-inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis) that support orthwart neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are then brieflypresented. This provides an accessible entry point to the literature. In theannotated bibliography section of this contribution, brief summaries areprovided of about 30 literature reviews relating to the neurotrophic effects ofinterest in relation to IF, CR, CRMs and exercise. Most of the selected reviewsaddress these essential functions from the perspective of healthier aging(sometimes discussing epigenetic factors) and the reduction of the risk forneurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease,Parkinson's disease) and depression or the improvement of cognitive function.

Neurotrophic Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Calorie Restriction and Exercise: A Review and Annotated Bibliography