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For plasma-wakefield accelerators to fulfil their potential for costeffectiveness, it is essential that their energy-transfer efficiency bemaximized. A key aspect of this efficiency is the near-complete transfer ofenergy, or depletion, from the driver electrons to the plasma wake. Achievingfull depletion is limited by the process of re-acceleration, which occurs whenthe driver electrons decelerate to non-relativistic energies, slippingbackwards into the accelerating phase of the wakefield and being subsequentlyre-accelerated. Such re-acceleration is observed here for the first time. Atthis re-acceleration limit, we measure a beam driver depositing (56 $\pm$ 5)%of its energy into a 195-mm-long plasma. Combining this driver-to-plasmaefficiency with previously measured plasma-to-beam and expectedwall-plug-to-driver efficiencies, our result shows that plasma-wakefieldaccelerators can in principle reach or even exceed the energy-transferefficiency of conventional accelerators.

Energy Depletion and Re-Acceleration of Driver Electrons in a Plasma-Wakefield Accelerator