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Dynamic metasurface antennas (DMA) provide a solution to form compact,cost-effective, energy-efficient multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) arrays.In this paper, we implement a practical hierarchical codebook with a realisticDMA design through electromagnetic simulations. We leverage existing DMA modelsto derive a novel method for enhancing the beamforming gain. We find that theproposed method provides better coverage and spectral efficiency results thanprior methods. We also present and verify a new technique for creating widebeamwidths through the DMA and hierarchical codebook. Additionally, we use adetailed transmitter architecture model to determine the power consumptionsavings of the DMA compared to a typical phased array. The DMA largelyoutperforms a passive phased array in terms of spectral and energy efficiencydue to high component loss from a high-resolution passive phase shifter. Whilethe DMA provides lower spectral efficiency results than the active phasedarray, the DMA achieves a higher energy efficiency because of the significantpower consumption for the active phase shifters. Therefore, we find that DMAsin a realistic wireless environment provide sufficient coverage and spectralefficiency compared to typical phased arrays while maintaining a substantiallylower power consumption.

Hierarchical Codebook Design with Dynamic Metasurface Antennas for Energy-Efficient Arrays