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Flexibility provided by Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units in districtheating networks is an important means to cope with increasing penetration ofintermittent renewable energy resources, and various methods have been proposedto exploit thermal storage tanks installed in these networks. This paperstudies a novel problem motivated by an example of district heating and coolingnetworks in Japan, where high-temperature steam is used as the heating medium.In steam-based networks, storage tanks are usually absent, and there is astrong need to utilize thermal inertia of the pipeline network as storage.However, this type of use of a heating network directly affects the operatingcondition of the network, and assuring safety and supply quality at the useside is an open problem. To address this, we formulate a novel control problemto utilize CHP units in frequency regulation market while satisfying physicalconstraints on a steam network described by a nonlinear model capturingdynamics of heat flows and heat accumulation in the network. Furthermore, aModel Predictive Control (MPC) framework is proposed to solve this problem. Byconsistently combining several nonlinear control techniques, a computationallyefficient MPC controller is obtained and shown to work in real-time.

Model Predictive Control of Smart Districts Participating in Frequency Regulation Market: A Case Study of Using Heating Network Storage