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Conjugated polymer films that can conduct ionic and electronic charges arecentral to building soft electronic sensors and actuators. Despite the possibleinterplay between light absorption and mixed conductivity of these materials inaqueous biological media, no polymer film has ever been used to realize asolar-switchable organic bioelectronic circuit relying on a fully reversible,redox reaction-free mechanism. Here we show that light absorbed by an electronand cation-transporting polymer film reversibly modulates its electrochemicalpotential and conductivity in an aqueous electrolyte, leveraged to design ann-type photo-electrochemical transistor (n-OPECT). We generate transistoroutput characteristics by solely varying the intensity of light that hits then-type polymeric gate electrode, emulating the gate voltage-controlledmodulation of the polymeric channel current. The micron-scale n-OPECT shows ahigh signal-to-noise ratio and an excellent sensitivity to low lightintensities. We demonstrate three direct applications of the n-OPECT, i.e., aphotoplethysmogram recorder, a light-controller inverter circuit, and alight-gated artificial synapse, underscoring the suitability of this platformfor a myriad of biomedical applications that involve light intensity changes.

A Single n-type Semiconducting Polymer-Based Photo-Electrochemical Transistor