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A long tradition of studies in psycholinguistics has examined the formationand generalization of ad hoc conventions in reference games, showing how newlyacquired conventions for a given target transfer to new referential contexts.However, another axis of generalization remains understudied: how doconventions formed for one target transfer to completely distinct targets, whenspecific lexical choices are unlikely to repeat? This paper presents two dyadicstudies (N = 240) that address this axis of generalization, focusing on therole of nameability -- the a priori likelihood that two individuals will sharethe same label. We leverage the recently-released KiloGram dataset, acollection of abstract tangram images that is orders of magnitude larger thanpreviously available, exhibiting high diversity of properties like nameability.Our first study asks how nameability shapes convention formation, while thesecond asks how new conventions generalize to entirely new targets ofreference. Our results raise new questions about how ad hoc conventions extendbeyond target-specific re-use of specific lexical choices.

Semantic uncertainty guides the extension of conventions to new referents