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Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) are prominent drivers of spaceweather disturbances and mainly lead to intense or extreme geomagnetic storms.The reported studies suggested that the planar ICME sheath and planar magneticclouds (MCs) cause extreme storms. Here, we investigated the severe two-stepgeomagnetic storm ($Dst \sim -187$ nT) of 25$^{th}$ solar cycle. Our analysisdemonstrates flattened (pancaked) ICME structures, i.e., quasi-planar magneticstructures (PMS). The study corroborates our earlier reported finding that theless adiabatic expansion in quasi-PMS transformed ICME enhanced the strength ofthe southward magnetic field component. It contributes to the efficienttransfer of plasma and energy in the Earth's magnetosphere to cause theobserved severe storm.

Quasi-planar ICME sheath: a cause of first two-step extreme geomagnetic storm of 25th solar cycle observed on 23 April 2023