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This paper investigates the multi-antenna covert communications assisted by asimultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface(STAR-RIS). In particular, to shelter the existence of covert communicationsbetween a multi-antenna transmitter and a single-antenna receiver from awarden, a friendly full-duplex receiver with two antennas is leveraged to makecontributions where one antenna is responsible for receiving the transmittedsignals and the other one transmits the jamming signals with a varying power toconfuse the warden. Considering the worst case, the closed-form expression ofthe minimum detection error probability (DEP) at the warden is derived andutilized in a covert constraint to guarantee the system performance. Then, weformulate an optimization problem maximizing the covert rate of the systemunder the covertness constraint and quality of service (QoS) constraint withcommunication outage analysis. To jointly design the active and passivebeamforming of the transmitter and STAR-RIS, an iterative algorithm based onsemi-definite relaxation (SDR) method and Dinkelbachs algorithm is proposed toeffectively solve the non-convex optimization problem. Simulation results showthat the proposed STAR-RIS-assisted scheme highly outperforms the case withconventional RIS, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithmas well as the superiority of STAR-RIS in guaranteeing the covertness ofwireless communications.

Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS) Assisted Multi-Antenna Covert Communications: Analysis and Optimization