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We introduce the TelecomTM system that uses pre-existing telecommunicationfiber-optic cables as virtual strain sensors to sense vehicle-induced groundvibrations for fine-grained and ubiquitous traffic monitoring andcharacterization. Here we call it a virtual sensor because it is asoftware-based representation of a physical sensor. Due to the extensivelyinstalled telecommunication fiber-optic cables at the roadside, our systemusing redundant dark fibers enables to monitor traffic at low cost with lowmaintenance. Many existing traffic monitoring approaches use cameras,piezoelectric sensors, and smartphones, but they are limited due to privacyconcerns and/or deployment requirements. Previous studies attempted to usetelecommunication cables for traffic monitoring, but they were only exploratoryand limited to simple tasks at a coarse granularity, e.g., vehicle detection,due to their hardware constraints and real-world challenges. In particular,those challenges are 1) unknown and heterogeneous properties of virtual sensorsand 2) large and complex noise conditions. To this end, our TelecomTM systemfirst characterizes the geographic location and analyzes the signal pattern ofeach virtual sensor through driving tests. We then develop a spatial-domainBayesian filtering and smoothing algorithm to detect, track, and characterizeeach vehicle. Our approach uses the spatial dependency of multiple virtualsensors and Newton's laws of motion to combine the distributed sensor data toreduce uncertainties in vehicle detection and tracking. In our real-worldevaluation on a two-way traffic road with 1120 virtual sensors, TelecomTMachieved 90.18% vehicle detection accuracy, 27$\times$ and 5$\times$ errorreduction for vehicle position and speed tracking compared to a baselinemethod, and $\pm$3.92% and $\pm$11.98% percent error for vehicle wheelbase andweight estimation, respectively.

TelecomTM: A Fine-Grained and Ubiquitous Traffic Monitoring System Using Pre-Existing Telecommunication Fiber-Optic Cables as Sensors